Fortran. 7. 7. Book. Study. Blue. Created: 2. Last Modified: 2. Views. 2. 9. . Interactive Fortran 7. A Hands on Approach Second edition Ian D Chivers Jane Sleightholme . This work may be distributed in its entirety provided the work is dis - tributed as a whole with this copyright notice intact. Commercial use can only be allowed by specific license agree- ments. The accuracy of this document cannot be guaranteed. Ian D Chivers and Jane Sleighthome make no warranty, either express or implied, with respect to the use of any information and as - sumes no liabilities for loss or damage, whether such loss or damage is caused by error or omission. Team Based Software Development Project for Tertiary Students. Team Based Software Development Project for Tertiary Students. Advertising Programmes Business Solutions +Google About Google Google.com . Search; Images; Maps; Play; YouTube; News; Gmail; Drive; More. Calendar; Translate; Books; Shopping; Blogger; Photos; Videos. Dawn; Knuth; Naur; Future; Authors; Contact; You are here. The Dawn of Software Engineering: from Turing to Dijkstra. The Dawn of Software Engineering: from Turing to Dijkstra E.G. Complete SAN, NAS, SATA, CIM, Storage & Virtualization Information. Complete Hyper- V / VMware / Xen. Virtualization Information. Optimized for Firefox 4. I created these websites ONLY to provide free information to help. Information about the Fortran 9. Joan and Martin to Mark and Jonathan to Glasgow . Programming Languages, Software Engineering. Matthew Finifter, Richard Shin, Dawn Song. Fast Detection of Access Control Vulnerabilities in PHP. Turning Eclipse Against. Computer science 1.docx - Free ebook download as Word Doc (.doc /.docx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File. Assignment 2 School of Engineering and Information. Dijkstra was born in Rotterdam. His father was a chemist who was president of the Dutch Chemical Society; he taught chemistry at a secondary school and was later its superintendent. His mother was a mathematician. The Dawn of Software Engineering: from Turing to Dijkstra. Dawn of Software Engineering: from Turing to Dijkstra.The book tries to achieve this using the established practices of structured and modular programming. Two techniques of problem solving, so- called top- down and bottom- up are also introduced. The book has been developed from a one week full- time course on program - ming, given several times a year at Imperial College to a variety of students, both undergraduate and postgraduate. The course itself is a mixture of . Initially, students are shy about showing their igno - rance, but quickly overcome this and learn a lot by helping one another out and articulating their problems. This is regarded as an essential part of the course. The student is assumed to complete a minimum number of the problems. Expe - rience on courses over several years has shown the authors that only by completing problems fully does the student get a realistic idea of the process of problem solving using a programming language. It is therefore recommended that all problems attempted are completed. Certain of the problems are used as a basis for further development in the course. This helps to reinforce the ideas of problem solving introduced earlier. The authors are pleased to provide more details of the course to interested par - ties. Clark 1. 98. 4 Preface to Second Edition As most teachers know their ideas of how to approach a subject gradually change with time, for a variety of reasons. This edition reflects changes in four main areas . This is be - coming increasingly necessary given the current state of the pro - posed Fortran 8x standard; . Minor changes have been made throughout the book, reflecting the feedback we have had from the students over the years, at a number of colleges. There are of course several corrections, and we are thankful to the many stu - dents who have pointed them out with great relish! We expect the same enthusiasm from students in pointing out the mistakes in this edition. The first edition was prepared and typeset using the Draft Format text process - ing software running on a variety of CDC Cyber 6. Series computers at Imperial College. Final output was to an APS . The Draft Format version was then transfered to an IBM PS/2 Model 6. Ventura Publisher. Original output was to a variety of postscript laser printers, and final camera ready copy was obtained using the Linotron 3. University of London Computer Centre. Our thanks to the students at King’s College for their comments on the drafts of this edition, and to UNEP for the use of a variety of facilities at the Monitoring and Assessment Research Centre, London, whilst on a very stimulating and enjoyable secondment. Sleighthome 1. 99. Chapter 1 Introduction to computing 1 Chapter 2 Introduction to problem solving 7 Chapter 3 Introduction to programming languages 1. Chapter 4 Introduction to the use of a computer system 3. Chapter 5 Introduction to programming 3. Chapter 6 Arithmetic 4. Chapter 7 Arrays and DO loops (1) 5. Chapter 8 Arrays and DO loops (2) 7. Chapter 9 Output; an introduction 7. Chapter 1. 0 Output; an extension 8. Chapter 1. 1 Reading in data 9. Chapter 1. 2 Making decisions (1) 1. Chpater 1. 3 Functions 1. Chapter 1. 4 Making decisions (2) 1. Chapter 1. 5 Error detection and correction 1. Chapter 1. 6 Complex, double precision and logical 1. Chapter 1. 7 Characters 1. Chapter 1. 8 Subroutines 1. Chapter 1. 9 Files 1. Chapter 2. 0 Common and data statements 1. Chapter 2. 1 Optimisation 1. Chapter 2. 2 Problem solving revisited 1. Chapter 2. 3 Operating systems 1. Chapter 2. 4 Tools in programming 1. Annotated bibliography 2. Appendix A ASCII Character Set 2. Appendix B Sample text extracts 2. Table of Contents Appendix C Code example 2. Appendix D NAG 2. Appendix E Functions available in Fortran 2. Index 2. 15 Table of Contents 1. Introduction to computing . A computer A computer is an electronic device, and can be thought of as a tool, like the lever or the wheel, which can be made to do useful work. At the fundamental level it works with bits (binary digits or sequences of zeros and ones). Bits are often put together in larger configurations, e. Hence computers are often referred to as 8- bit, 1. Most computers consist of the following: – CPU This is the brains of the computer. CPU stands for central processor unit. All of the work that the computer does is or - ganised here. MEMORY The computer will also have a memory. Memory on a com - puter is a solid state device that comprises an ordered collection of bits/bytes/words that can be read or written by the CPU. A byte is generally 8 bits (as in 8- bit byte), and a word is most commonly accepted as the minimum number of bits that can be referenced by the CPU. This referencing is called addressing. The memory typically contains programs and data. The following diagram illustrates the two ideas of address and contents of the memory at that address. Word sizes of 8, 1. Address 1 2 3 . 1. Memory Contents Hello this is 2 Introduction to computing Chapter 1 frames. A computer memory is often called random access memory, or RAM. This simply means that the access time for any part of memory is the same; in order to examine location (say) 9. It is possible to go directly to location 9. A slightly better term might have been access at random. The memory itself is highly ordered. BUS A bus is a set of connections between the CPU and other components. The bus will be used for a variety of purposes. These include address signals which tell the memory which words are wanted next; data lines which are used to transfer data to and from memory, and to and from other parts of the computer system. This is typical of many systems, but sys - tems do vary considerably; while the information above may not be true in specific cases, it provides a general model. A diagram for the constituent parts of a typical computer is given below. We have to add on other pieces of electronics to make it really useful. Disks Data Address lines lines CPU Other I/O devices Memory Chapter 1 Introduction to computing 3 These are devices for storing collections of bits, which are inevitably organised in reality into bytes and files. One advan - tage of adding these to our computer system is that we can go away, switch the machine off, and come back at a later time and continue with what we were doing. Memory is expensive and fast whereas disks are slower but cheaper. Most computer systems balance speed against cost, and have a small memory in relation to disk capacity. Most people would be familiar with the two main type of disks on micro computers, and these are floppy disks, and hard disks. Micro floppy disks come in two main physical sizes, 5 1/4 and 3 1/2 inch. Hard disks are inside the system, and most people do not see this type of disk. Tapes These are slower than disks but cheaper, generally. They vary from ordinary, domestic cassettes used with micros to very large drives found on most mainframe systems. These devices are used for storing large quantities of data. Others There are a large number of other input and output devices. These vary considerably from system to system depending on the work being carried out. Most large computer systems have line- printers and laser printers whilst other installations may have more sophisticated i/o devices, e. The most important i/o device is the terminal. This book has been written as - suming that most of your work will be done at a terminal. Terminals tend to come in two main types — either a so called dumb terminal or a micro- com - puter with suitable terminal emulation (DEC VT1. In either case you communicate through the keyboard. This looks rather like an ordinary typewriter keyboard, although some of the keys are different. However, the location of the letters, numbers and common symbols is fairly standard. Don’t panic if you have never met a keyboard before. You don’t have to know much more than where the keys are. Few programmers, even professionals, advance beyond the stage of using two index fingers and a thumb for their typing. You will find that speed of typing is rarely important, it’s accuracy that counts. One thing that people unfamiliar with keyboards often fail to realise is that what you have typed in is not sent to the computer until you press the carriage return key. To achieve any sort of communication you must press that key; it will be somewhere on the right hand side of the keyboard, and will be marked return, c/r, send, enter, or something similar. Introduction to computing Chapter 1 Software So far we have not mentioned software. Software is the name given to the programs that run on the hardware. Programs are written in languages. Com- puter languages are frequently divided into two categories; high- level and low- level. A low level language (e. Fortran) is closer to the problem statement. There is typically a one to one correspondence between an assembly language statement and the actual hardware instruction. With a high level language there is a one to many correspondence; one high level statement will generate many machine level instructions. A certain amount of general purpose software will have been provided by the manufacturer. This software will typically include the basic operating system, one or more compilers, an assembler, an editor, and a loader or link editor.
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